Ebstein Anomaly on Echocardiography

Apical Four chamber view of echocardiogram showing Ebstein anomaly, note the apical displacement of tricuspid valve (TV). Functional portion of thr right ventricle is well preserved.

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Brugada ECG vs Incomplete Right Bundle Branch Block (iRBBB)

Brugada ECG vs Incomplete Right Bundle Branch Block (iRBBB) Why this differentiation matters Brugada pattern is a malignant channelopathy associated with sudden cardiac death, while incomplete RBBB is usually a benign conduction variant. Mislabeling Brugada as iRBBB can be fatal; overcalling iRBBB as Brugada can lead to unnecessary anxiety and ICD implantation. --- 1. Basic Definitions Brugada ECG Pattern Primary repolarization abnormality Genetic sodium-channel disorder Characteristic ST-segment elevation in V1–V3 Risk of ventricular fibrillation and sudden death Incomplete RBBB (iRBBB) Depolarization abnormality Delay in right ventricular conduction Common in healthy individuals Usually asymptomatic and benign --- 2. ECG Morphology: Side-by-Side Comparison QRS Duration Brugada: QRS usually <120 ms iRBBB: QRS <120 ms, but with RBBB morphology --- V1–V2 Pattern (Key Differentiator) Brugada Pseudo-RBBB appearance ST elevation ≥2 mm ST segment is coved or saddleback Terminal QRS bl...

𝘼𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙤𝙖𝙜𝙪𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝘼𝙛𝙩𝙚𝙧 𝙎𝙩𝙧𝙤𝙠𝙚

𝘼𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙤𝙖𝙜𝙪𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝘼𝙛𝙩𝙚𝙧 𝙎𝙩𝙧𝙤𝙠𝙚 in Patient with AF and acute IS/TIA European Heart Association Guideline recommends: • 1 days after TIA • 3 days after mild stroke • 6 days after moderate stroke • 12 days after severe stroke Early anticoagulation can decrease a risk of recurrent stroke and embolic events but may increase a risk of secondary hemorrhagic transformation of brain infarcts. The 1-3-6-12-day rule is a known consensus with graded increase in delay of anticoagulation between 1 and 12 days after onset of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack(TIA), according to neurological severity based on European expert opinions. However, this rule might be somewhat later than currently used in a real-world practical setting.

Learn Echocardiography | Standard Protocol for Performing Comprehensive Echocardiogram | Explained with Images and Videos

If you are just starting to learn echocardiography, you will find that learning the full echo examination protocol will be immensely useful. The full protocol will provide a solid foundation for your career in echo. I personally found that once I could execute the standard protocol flawlessly, I was able to add and refine additional echo scanning skills while deepening my understanding of the purpose of each echo image. The echo protocol illustrated in this article is the same one we currently use for all our patients in the hospital and meets or exceeds the standards of American Society of Echocardiography (ASE) for an adult echocardiography examination. The protocol presented here is meant as a guideline and does not cover every aspect (such as off axis views) of an echo examination. Also other hospitals will probably have slight variations of this protocol depending on the lab's needs, which is normal. This article's main purpose is to provide a solid foundation for ...

Dr. Usman's Cardiology Notes

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