Dr. Usman's Cardiology Notes

 Understanding the Differences between Eustachian Valve and Chiari Network The Eustachian Valve and Chiari Network are both embryological remnants that can be observed in the right atrium of the heart. The Eustachian Valve is associated with the inferior vena cava (IVC), while the Chiari Network is a more extensive, net-like structure. Key Differences - Presence and Function :     - The Chiari Network is not present in every individual and has no known function.     - In contrast, the Eustachian Valve is present in every fetus and plays a role in directing IVC flow across the fossa ovalis during fetal development. - Structural Characteristics:     - The Chiari Network is described as a net-like structure that is highly mobile.     - The Eustachian Valve is characterized as a ridge of tissue that is rarely mobile. - Origin:     - The Chiari Network usually arises from the vicinity of the IVC not attached to the septum.     ...

  New Prosthetic Valve Dehiscence or Rocking Motion is always Endocarditis until proven otherwise. Dehiscence or rocking motion of a prosthetic valve is a highly suggestive sign of endocarditis. This abnormal movement indicates that the valve is not securely attached to the surrounding tissue, often due to infection and subsequent detachment. Echocardiography can detect this motion, which is a critical finding in diagnosing prosthetic valve endocarditis, a serious and potentially life-threatening complication. Prompt recognition and treatment are essential to prevent further complications and improve patient outcomes.

  In this MOCK Exam there are twenty five echocardiography cases, each case is of about one to two minutes, with initial half to view the case and in the next half clips are repeated with answer so you can relate the answer with echo clips. Into the world of echocardiography with our comprehensive video series, where we explore 25 intriguing cases, each with labelled findings. This video is perfect for medical professionals, students, and anyone interested in cardiac imaging. What You'll Learn - In-depth analysis of various cardiac conditions through echocardiography - Labelled findings to help you understand and identify key features - Real-life cases to enhance your diagnostic skills We examine a rare condition known as mitral valve arcade. This anomaly is characterized by abnormal chordal structures connecting the papillary muscles directly to the mitral valve leaflets, bypassing the normal chordae tendineae. Echocardiography reveals thickened, dysplastic leaflets with restri...

Usual TPM (Temporary Pacemaker) Showing Dials and Indicators Stimulation Threshold Testing: Set Rate at least 10 beats above patient's intrinsic rate Decrease Output by slowly turning output dial counterclockwise until ECG shows loss of capture. Increase Output by slowly turning output dial clockwise until ECG shows consistent capture. This value is the Stimulation Threshold  Set Output to 2 to 3 times higher than the Stimulation Threshold (Safety Margin) Restore Rate to previous value. Sensing Threshold Testing: Set Rate at least 10 beats below the patient's intrinsic rate. Set Output to 0.1 mA Decrease Sensitivity by slowly turning Sensitivity dial counterclockwise until pace indicator flashes continuously. Increase Sensitivity by slowly turning Sensitivity dial clockwise until sense indicator flashes and pace indicator stops flashing. This value is the Sensing Threshold. Set Sensitivity to Half of the threshold value (Safety Margin) Restore Rate and Output to previous values...

  Tricuspid Atresia: Understanding this Rare Heart Condition Tricuspid atresia is a rare congenital heart defect that affects the tricuspid valve, which is responsible for regulating blood flow between the right atrium and right ventricle. In this condition, the tricuspid valve is completely blocked or absent, preventing blood from flowing normally through the heart. Let's take a closer look at tricuspid atresia and explore its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options. What Causes Tricuspid Atresia? Tricuspid atresia occurs during fetal development, when the heart is forming. The exact cause is unknown, but it's thought to be related to genetic mutations or environmental factors that affect the development of the heart. Symptoms of Tricuspid Atresia The symptoms of tricuspid atresia can vary depending on the severity of the condition. Some common symptoms include: - Cyanosis (blue discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes) - Shortness of breath - Fatigue - Poor a...

  Differentiating Lipomatous Hypertrophy of the Interatrial Septum (LASH) from atrial tumors on echocardiography can be challenging, but here are some key features to help with the distinction. Its Fatty infiltration of the proximal and distal portions of the atrial septum, generally with sparing of the fossa ovalis, without a stalk and most commonly seen in the elderly and obese. Characteristics of LASH on Echo: 1. Location: LASH typically involves the interatrial septum, sparing the fossa ovalis. 2. Appearance: LASH appears as a homogeneous, hyperechoic (bright) mass with a smooth, well-defined border. 3. Size: LASH can be quite large, but it typically does not exceed 2-3 cm in thickness. 4. Shape: LASH often has a characteristic "dumbbell" or "hourglass" shape, with the narrowest part at the fossa ovalis. 5. Mobility: LASH is typically fixed and does not move with the cardiac cycle. Characteristics of Atrial Tumors on Echo 1. Location: Atrial tumors can occur any...

Above video demonstrate the10 Basic Views to master in Intracardiac Echocardiography also known as ICE, presented in simple form with real time images labeled with important structures. Home view is usually the first view when we insert intra-cardiac echo catheter or ICE catheter into right atrium.  Types of Intracardiac Echocardiography:   There are two types of ICE - phased array and radial. ○ Phased array: more common as it creates a view that is easier to interpret as it resembles a TTE or TEE. ○ Radial ICE: greater resolution, but is more difficult to interpret and is best for discriminating near-field structures and therefore requires transseptal puncture to visualize left heart structures. Process: ● Insert catheter through the femoral vein up through the IVC to the right atrium (most commonly), “the home base” for the ICE catheter. The catheter can also be inserted via the right IJ or left subclavian and then through the SVC however this will give “upsidedown” image...