Dr. Usman's Cardiology Notes

HOW TO APPROACH PATIENT WITH ANAPHYLAXIS! Always remember How you will identify it's anaphylaxis Not Allergic Reaction  Most important First thing to do after ABCD is to give IM adrenalin (1:1000).

 Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome shows a short PR interval (<120 ms), a delta wave (slurred upstroke of QRS), widened QRS complex (>120 ms), and secondary ST–T changes due to abnormal ventricular activation.

 𝘼𝙣𝙩𝙞𝙘𝙤𝙖𝙜𝙪𝙡𝙖𝙩𝙞𝙤𝙣 𝘼𝙛𝙩𝙚𝙧 𝙎𝙩𝙧𝙤𝙠𝙚 in  Patient with AF and acute IS/TIA European Heart Association Guideline recommends: • 1 days after TIA • 3 days after mild stroke • 6 days after moderate stroke • 12 days after severe stroke Early anticoagulation can decrease a risk of recurrent stroke and embolic events but may increase a risk of secondary hemorrhagic transformation of brain infarcts.  The 1-3-6-12-day rule is a known consensus with graded increase in delay of anticoagulation between 1 and 12 days after onset of ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack(TIA), according to neurological severity based on European expert opinions. However, this rule might be somewhat later than currently used in a real-world practical setting.

Here’s how to measure the non-compacted : compacted (NC:C) ratio on echocardiography for diagnosing LV non-compaction (LVNC) 🫀 Step-by-Step Echo Measurement (Jenni Criteria) 1. View: Use the parasternal short-axis or apical 4-chamber view — where trabeculations are most prominent (usually at the apex, mid-lateral, or inferior wall). 2. Timing: Measure at end-systole (when the myocardium is thickest and best defined). 3. Zoom in: Magnify the region of interest — typically the apical segments. 4. Identify layers: Non-compacted (NC) layer: the thick, spongy, trabeculated part (inner layer). Compacted (C) layer: the thin, dense, outer myocardial layer (toward the epicardium). 5. Measure thickness: At a perpendicular angle to the myocardial wall: Measure the NC thickness (from endocardial border to the trough of recesses). Measure the C thickness (from trough of recesses to epicardial surface). 6. Calculate ratio: In this example c/b  Where is b is the width of non compaction Diagnosti...

  Parachute mitral valve and supramitral ring are both rare congenital anomalies of the mitral valve apparatus, often associated with left-sided obstructive lesions and sometimes coexisting as part of Shone’s complex. They share the common feature of producing left atrioventricular inflow obstruction, but their anatomical basis and clinical implications differ. Parachute mitral valve is characterized by the insertion of all, or most, of the chordae tendineae into a single papillary muscle instead of the normal two. In some cases, there may be two papillary muscles present but one is underdeveloped and functionally all chordae converge to the dominant one. This abnormal arrangement causes restricted opening of the mitral valve leaflets, leading to varying degrees of mitral inflow obstruction. The severity of obstruction depends on the degree of chordal crowding and leaflet tethering. Clinically, parachute mitral valve can manifest in childhood with symptoms of pulmonary congestion, ...