Dr. Usman's Cardiology Notes

McConnell's sign is defined as right ventricular free wall akinesis with sparing of the apex suggests Massive Pulmonary Embolism  Echocardiogram Findings of Pulmonary Embolism (PE)

Mayo Echocardiography 2024 Board Review Lectures: Watch Here >> Echo Board Review Lectures 2024

  Anomalous Pulmonary Venous drainage into Coronary Sinus:  So, let's talk about two congenital heart defects that can seem similar but have some key differences: sinus venosus atrial septal defect, or ASD, and anomalous pulmonary venous drainage into the coronary sinus. Sinus venosus ASD is a type of defect located near where the superior or inferior vena cava meets the right atrium. It's characterized by a defect in the sinus venosus part of the atrial septum, and often, there's anomalous pulmonary venous drainage associated with it. On the other hand, anomalous pulmonary venous drainage into the coronary sinus is a condition where the pulmonary veins drain into the coronary sinus instead of the left atrium. This can be partial or total anomalous pulmonary venous connection. The main differences between these two conditions are the location and type of defect, the pattern of pulmonary venous drainage, and the approach to surgical repair. To figure out which one someone ha...

  The Xario Toshiba echo machine is an advanced ultrasound system designed for high-quality imaging in various clinical applications, including cardiology, radiology, and obstetrics. Here's an overview: The Xario Toshiba echo machine features cutting-edge technology, providing exceptional image quality and diagnostic confidence. Its advanced signal processing and innovative transducer technology enable detailed visualization of cardiac structures, allowing clinicians to accurately assess cardiac function and diagnose various conditions. The Xario system's user-friendly interface and ergonomic design make it easy to operate, reducing user fatigue and improving workflow efficiency. Its compact size and lightweight design also make it suitable for use in various clinical settings, from cardiology clinics to operating rooms. With its advanced features and capabilities, the Xario Toshiba echo machine is an excellent choice for clinicians seeking high-quality imaging and diagnostic a...

 A premature ventricular contraction (PVC)/ventricular ectopy (VE) is a prematurely occurring wide QRS beat that has a very distinct shape ( shape depending upon site of origin) and is not preceded by a P wave!!! So the most important to understand is !  Generally there are two major types of ventricular ectopies  1. The most common especially in non acute settings are the idiopathic VE / the outflow origin VE . They generally are Positive in inferior leads  2. ⁠the non outflow or the structural heart ectopies !! They generally are negative in inferior leads So  Of The various Terminologies !!!! Or the observed behaviour on the ECG !  Some of the usual terminologies and which are usually very very confusing to the Jnr Drs but even some Snr colleagues !!! So The patterns or them occurring on the surface ecg may be of the following types !  1. So Two consecutive ectopics (be called couplet) 2. alternating ectopy with normal QRS complex (be called bigemin...

  Watch above example case and try to estimate LAP with the given information. Left atrial pressure (LAP) is a crucial hemodynamic parameter that reflects the pressure within the left atrium. Echocardiography provides a non-invasive means to estimate LAP using various parameters. To estimate LAP, several parameters are used, including mitral inflow pattern, tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) of the mitral annulus, pulmonary venous flow, and left atrial volume index (LAVI). 1. Mitral inflow pattern is assessed by measuring the peak velocity of the early diastolic filling (E wave) and late diastolic filling (A wave) using pulsed-wave Doppler. The E/A ratio can indicate diastolic function and LAP. 2. TDI of the mitral annulus measures the early diastolic velocity (E') of the mitral annulus. The E/E' ratio correlates well with LAP. 3. Pulmonary venous flow is assessed using pulsed-wave Doppler, measuring the systolic (S) and diastolic (D) flow velocities and calculating the S/D ratio. 4....

  When it comes to the tricuspid valve, echocardiography is the go-to tool for assessing its function and detecting any potential issues, including tricuspid regurgitation (TR). One often-overlooked cause of TR is lead-induced TR, which can occur in patients with pacemakers or implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICDs). The culprit here is usually the lead itself, which can interfere with the tricuspid valve's normal functioning, leading to regurgitation. On echocardiography, the RV inflow view is particularly useful for assessing the tricuspid valve and detecting lead-induced TR. This view allows us to visualize the tricuspid valve leaflets and the lead's interaction with them. If the lead is impinging on the valve or interfering with leaflet coaptation, it can cause TR. We might see the lead entangled with the tricuspid valve leaflets, restricting their motion or preventing proper closure. Color Doppler can help us detect the presence and severity of TR, which can range f...

ACS Management Guidelines 2025 New Updates Key points  AHA ACC Guidelines Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) encompasses a spectrum of clinical manifestations, including ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI), and unstable angina. The diagnosis of ACS is based on a combination of clinical presentation, electrocardiogram (ECG) findings, and cardiac biomarker elevation. Patients with suspected ACS should undergo immediate ECG and troponin measurement. Serial ECGs and biomarker measurements may be necessary to establish the diagnosis. In patients with STEMI, prompt reperfusion therapy is crucial to restore coronary blood flow and minimize myocardial damage. Primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) is the preferred reperfusion strategy if it can be performed promptly by an experienced team. Fibrinolytic therapy is an alternative when primary PCI is not feasible. In patients with NSTEMI or unstable angina, an early invasive strateg...

 Treatment of cardiac amyloidosis involves: 1. Stabilizing amyloid deposits: Tafamidis (stabilizes transthyretin) 2. Reducing amyloid production: Patisiran, Inotersen (for transthyretin amyloidosis) 3. Chemotherapy: For AL amyloidosis (e.g., daratumumab, bortezomib) 4. Heart failure management: Diuretics, ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers 5. Heart transplantation: In selected cases Treatment approach depends on the type of amyloidosis (e.g., transthyretin, AL, or others).

  Dr. Samuel J. Asirvatham's lecture on Ventricular Tachycardia (VT) provides a comprehensive review of the topic, covering the definition, mechanisms, diagnosis, and management of VT. The lecture is designed to help cardiology fellows and board-certified cardiologists prepare for certification exams. VT is defined and its mechanisms are discussed, including re-entry, triggered activity, and automaticity. Re-entry occurs when an electrical impulse recurrently activates the ventricle, while triggered activity and automaticity can lead to abnormal electrical activity. The diagnosis of VT is covered, including electrocardiogram (ECG) characteristics such as wide QRS complexes, AV dissociation, and fusion beats. The clinical presentation of VT is also discussed, including symptoms and signs. The management of VT is reviewed, including acute management with cardioversion, anti-arrhythmic medications, and ACLS protocols. Chronic management options are also discussed, including implantabl...